Karbala is a historic city in Iraq, important for its religious significance for Islam and its strategic geographic location. The 18th and 20th centuries were a time of significant political change and a time when new national identities were being…

In the 10th and 11th centuries the Islamic territories were the cradle of developments in the sciences. Indeed, Persian and Muslim scientists built an effective structure in all sciences based on what their ancestors had earlier gained. In the…